DARK
Netflix’s new series Dark came up in 2017. It’s a German show and besides how dark they designed it will also give you mentally darkness for sure. In Dark, we are seeing four families struggle to comprehend the resounding effects of a multidimensional wormhole located below Winden. During the show we are seeing dead birds falling, sheep are dying, children are missing and finding death. For us to get into more details we have to figure out the family trees one by one:
KAHNWALD
Jonas Kahwald: Jonas is the son of Hannah and Michael Kahnwald/Mikkel Nielsen. He also dated with Martha Nielsen for a while but when Jonas figures out Martha is actually his aunt he stopped. The 2052 Jonas attempts to destroy the wormhole.
Michael Kahnwald(Mikkel Nielsen): Mikkel is the youngest son of Ulrich and Katharina Nielsen. Martha and Magnus Nielsen, Jonas Kahnwald and Bartosz Tiedemann when they were in the forest Mikkel Nielsen getting lost when they hear unusual sound from the cave. Then it turns out Mikkel actually went back time to 1986. He started to get threat by Ines Kahnwald at the hospital. Mikkel meets Hannah. They eventually get married and Hannah gives birth to Jonas Kahnwald.
Hannah Kahnwald: Mother of Jonas and widow of Michael Kahnwald/Mikkel Nielsen. She has been in love with Ulrich Nielsen since 1986. She had an affair with him in 2019 but Ulrich ends their arrangement after his son Mikkel Nielsen’s disappearance. She did also file a false police reporting accusing Ulrich of raping Katharina in order to drive them apart. She had problems since she was a girl and still.
Ines Kahnwald: Ines is the adoptive mother of Michael Kahnwald/Mikkel Nielsen. She was a nurse at the Winden hospital when Mikkel Nielsen traveled through time. A part of her always believed in Mikkel when he says he came from future. A letter Michael/Mikkel wrote before his suicide confirmed the story. She is a grandmother of Jonas and mother-in-law of Hannah.
NIELSEN
Mikkel Nielsen(Michael Kahnwald): Mikkel is the youngest son of Ulrich and Katharina Nielsen. Martha and Magnus Nielsen, Jonas Kahnwald and Bartosz Tiedemann when they were in the forest Mikkel Nielsen getting lost when they hear unusual sound from the cave. Then it turns out Mikkel actually went back time to 1986. He started to get threat by Ines Kahnwald at the hospital. Mikkel meets Hannah. They eventually get married and Hannah gives birth to Jonas Kahnwald.
Martha Nielsen: Martha is a daughter of Ulrich and Katharina Nielsen. She dated Jonas Kahnwald and Bartosz Tiedemann. She is actually Jonas Kahnwald’s aunt at some point.
Magnus Nielsen: Magnus is a son of Ulrich and Katharina Nielsen. Sleeping with Franziska Doppler, whose parents Charlotte and Peter Doppler. He let his little brother Mikkel Nielsen come to the cave at that night and Mikkel disappeared.
Ulrich Nielsen: Ulrich son of Jana and Tronte Nielsen. He is working at law enforcement with Charlotte Doppler. He is engaged in an affair with Hannah Kahnwald. His brother Mads Nielsen who disappeared in 1986 will be found in 2019.
Katharina Nielsen: Katharina is the wife of Ulrich Nielsen and mother of Magnus, Martha, and Mikkel. Her and Ulrich was a wild couple in 1986. Now they are married and she is principal of the local high school. Ulrich and she always believed the person who gave a false report to poliçe was Regina Tiedemann. That is why they have a bad history along with the present.
Jana Nielsen: Mother of Ulrich and Mads Nielsen. She is married to Tronte Nielsen, who had an affair with Claudia Tiedemann in 1986. After Mads disappearance, Jana is unable to function properly.
Tronte Nielsen: Father of Ulrich and Mads Nielsen. He is married to Jana Nielsen but had an affair with Claudia Tiedemann in 1986. He moved to Winden with his mother Agnes in 1953. His father is unknown and we are seeing scars on his arm. Maybe his mother was putting cigarettes on his arm. When his son Mads Nielsen body falls from time hole, Peter Doppler witnesses it and calls Tronte, who relocates the body to the woods, where it is found by Ulrich and Charlotte Doppler.
Agnes Nielsen: Mother of Tronte Nielsen. Moved to Winden in 1953.
TIEDEMANN
Bartosz Tiedemann: Son of Regina and Aleksander Tiedemann(Boris Niewald). After his grandmother, his father is the current head of the nuclear power plant. He dated Martha Nielsen while Jonas Kanwald was being treated for post-traumatic stress after his father’s suicide. He is in contact with a mysterious man, Noah. Pretty much like Helge Doppler.
Regina Tiedemann: Daughter of Claudia Tiedemann, mother of Bartosz Tiedemann and wife of Aleksander Kohler. who came to save her in 1986 from Ulrich and Katharina and now runs the nuclear power plant. She is now running a hotel in Winden. She figured out that she has a breast cancer recently. She hates Katharina Nielsen.
Aleksander Tiedemann/Kohler: Husband of Regina Tiedemann, father of Bartosz Tiedemann. He is born as Boris Niewald but he stole the identity of Aleksander Kohler. He got a job at the nuclear power plant from Regina’s mother Claudia Tiedemann in 1986 and in 2019 he is in charge of the plant.
Claudia Tiedemann: Daughter of Doris and Egon Tiedemann, who is a police officer in 1953 and retirement in 1986. Claudia become the very first woman to run the nuclear power plant in Winden. She had an affair with Tronte Nielsen and probably Regina is from him. Claudia’s dog disappears in 1953 and reappears in the caves in 1986 when she was inspecting a stash of radioactive material from the nuclear power plant. In 2019 she is a completely different person, an elderly woman who figured out the wormhole, time travel and working on closing the wormhole in the caves.
Egon Tiedemann: Father of Claudia Tiedemann. He is a police officer in 1953 and investigating the disappearance of Helge Doppler. When Ulrich traveled from 2019 to kill Helge Doppler in future will start to cause missing kids in Winden, Ulrich wanted to kill him in the first place then kids and his son would never be missing. Egon Tiedemann arresting Ulrich Nielsen in 1953. In 1986 Egon is investigating Mads Nielsen’s case and always thinking Ulrich is responsible for his brother’s disappearance. He also arrested Ulrich in 1986 after the false report of raping Katharina by Hannah. Egon hates Ulrich Nielsen. But in future his daughter Claudia will have an affair with Tronte Nielsen.
DOPPLER
Elisabeth Doppler: Youngest daughter of Charlotte and Peter Doppler. Her grandfather is Helge Doppler. Her grand-grand father is Bernd Doppler and her grand-grand mother is Greta Doppler who Helge Doppler’s mother that never wanted to have a child. She id deaf. The funny part is her grandfather Helge’s left ear injured in 1953 by Ulrich Nielsen. She was dating with Yasin but eventually, Yasin goes missing 2019. And we are finding his body in 1953. Elisabeth is also meeting with Noah on the way back home from school.
Franziska Doppler: Eldest daughter of Charlotte and Peter Doppler. She is currently sleeping with Magnus Nielsen after Mikkel’s disappearance.
Charlotte Doppler: Her father-in-law is Helge Doppler. She is the mother of Elisabeth and Franziska Doppler and married to Peter Doppler who is rejecting him being gay. She is working in law enforcement with Ulrich Nielsen. Recently she got a watch from Noah through her daughter Elisabeth. She might go back to 1953 to save Ulrich and have some time with T. G. Tannhaus.
Peter Doppler: Son of Helge Doppler. His mother is unknown. But there is a huge possibility that Peter might me one Helge Doppler’s victims for Noah. He might keep him and raise him as his son. Because adult Helge is in love with Claudia Teidemann but he is a very lonely person. His whole life based on Noah’s plan and he is living somewhere very private. Thus we can tell he never had any relationship with anyone and when he was getting kids for Noah he wanted to keep Peter for his loneliness. Peter Doppler is gay but he is hiding this. He is a father of Elisabeth and Franziska Doppler and married to Charlotte Doppler. When he was in the bunker he is witnesses the body of Mads Nielsen falling through a time hole. He is calling Tronte Nielsen. Him, Tronte and Claudia from future moving Mads Nielsen’s body in the forest to police to find out.
Helge Doppler: Son of rich and powerful Bernd Doppler. His mother Greta is always harsh to him. Soon she is talking with Noah the Priest about that she never wanted Helge. Helge is a lonely and weird kid. He is getting rid of Claudia’s dog by throwing a stick into the cave in 1953 which the dog is coming back to Claudia in 1986. Helge is meeting with the guy who is trying to kill him. It’s actually Ulrich from 2019 because Ulrich realizes that Helge was the one who kidnapped kids and kills them. That is why Ulrich is trying to get rid of kid Helge to stop him in the first place. So his son Mikkel Nielsen and other kids will never disappear in future. Ulrich is attacking kid Helge and putting him in the bunker. But eventually, Ulrich getting arrest and Helge is actually not dead. His left side is injured and his ear is actually ripped off. When he wakes up in bunker alone with blood on his face he suddenly seeing a whole growing in the bunker. He is seeing a teen with a yellow jacket which he is actually Jonas who trapped in time machine prototype room. They are both seeing each other and try to touch each other when they touch with a finger they swapped into time. So kid Helge is actually in the room and Jonas in the bunker. We can guess that when Noah entered the room he saw this little kid, injured and from 1953 he wants to keep him. He is sending him back to 1953 but keep manipulating him for his future plans. Helge is raising weird person always helping Noah without question. He believes in him deeply. But 2019 old Helge going to cave to 1986. He wants to stop himself in 1986. He is talking with adult Helge but he is running away to Noah. 2019 Helge this time trying to kill 1986 Helge but eventually he is dying so 1986 Helge keep continuing his plans for Noah. Another fact that when 2019 Helge wanted to stop himself Ulrich followed him to the cave, this is how Ulrich is figured out about the wormhole.
H.G. Tannhaus: He is actually a watch repairman in 1953. In future, we are seeing he is making a device and writing a book. The book is first seen when Helge gave present to Claudia in 1986. The book is called “Eine Reise durch die Zeit” It’s mean travel through time, time travel. Then we will figüre out how he made those happened. First thing first elder Claudia visiting him with a blueprint of some Project. We believe she lived the future and come back with a solution to get rid of the wormhole. After her, 2019 Ulrich going to watch shop and forgetting his smartphone there. When Tannhaus find that he is starting to do his interesting Project. And there is also another visiting happening from 2052 Jonas to 1986 Tannhaus. By that time he already made his Project. Jonas wants him to fix the machine. Then it turns out he already made the machine by that time. We are seeing two same machines next to each other one is broken from future one is all new in 1986. But Tannhaus still have no idea about some parts which Jonas fixing the last move by putting a chemical tube in the device. The machine meant to destroy wormhole. But the end of the series we are seeing Jonas is the one who actually opened the wormhole after using that device. PARADOX!!!
FAMILY TREE
NOTES AND THEORIES
End of episode 3 in 1986 Claudia Tiedemann is holding a book she got from Helge Doppler. The book is written by G. Tannhaus. “Eine Reise Durch Zeit” which it means to travel through time, time travel. Another part is the Publisher name is “minotauros” In Greek mythology, there is a beast called Minotaur. He is half man half bull. King Minos competed with his brothers to rule. Minos prayed to Posedion to send him the snow-white bull, as a sign of support. King wanted to kill the bull to Show honor to the city but decided to keep it instead because of its beauty. He thought Posedion would not care if he kept the White bull and sacrificed one of his own. Posedion punished Minos by making Minos wife Pasihae to fall in love to bull. They made love and a beast, Minotaur occurred. After that Minos got advice from Delphi to construct a gigantic labyrinth to hold the Minataur and wanted to Adriadne is the daughter of King Minos in Crete. Minos places Ariadne in charger of the labyrinth on the island, which Minotaur at its center and is used for ritual sacrifice. According to the myth, the hero Theseus came to the labyrinth to kill Minotaur. Adriadne fell in love with Theseus and decided to help him navigate back out from labyrinth by giving him a ball of thread. After escaping from Crete, Theseus abounds Adriadne. For this part, Publisher name might be coincidence but remember 2052 Jonas’s hotel room walls. We are seeing Adriadne Maze map and The Slaying of the Minotaur Picture.
About the thread, in the story, we are seeing red thread in the cave, around kids necks with a coin and Martha’s play when she held the rope while playing her role. Jonas in the cave following red thread while we hear her words. “The spinning Wheel turns, round and round in a circle. One fate tied to the next. The thread red like blood, that cleaves together all our deeds. One cannot unravel the knots. But they can be severed. He severed ours, with the sharpest blade. Yet something remains behind that cannot be severed. An invisible bound.” Theseus seems like Jonas who is trying to kill/stop Noah/wormhole and Adriadne seem like Martha that Jonas actually abandoned him. The messages we are getting from here might be Jonas will be the one who can stop Noah. But who is Noah? What is Noah? Is he even bad? We are also hearing Adriadne’s name in episode 4 when Jonas wakes up from his sleep “We are searching for Adriane’s thread, the one meant to guide us along the right path.”
Another guess about the book, there is a triangle in the book. This can tell us about the labyrinth or time traveling or actually Trinity Knot and Paradox.
In Christianity, it’s FATHER-SON-HOLY SOUL SPIRIT. In Wiccans, Neopagans it’s MAIDEN-MOTHER-CRONE. It can be also EARTH-SEA-SKY. We are seeing this symbol in solar and lunar Like how solar and lunar cycles match every 33 years. We are hearing importance number 33 a lot in the Show. But since we saw Noah’s back tattoo he is following Hermeticism he is believing philosophical, the ancient, esoteric tradition idea. It’s actually unknown in history. 
On his back and on the wormhole doors we are seeing “SIC MUNDUS CREATUS EST” 
which it’s mean “and thus the World was created” translated from Latin.
We also know there is a sentence on the dollar “Novus ordo seclorum” which it’s mean New World Order. Noah has plans indeed. But what? On his back tattoo, it’s actually The Emerald Tablet by Hermes Trismegistus.
They are all connecting with Hermeticism. It’s first written in Arabic then translated into Latin. Basically, it’s the philosopher’s stone, laboratory experimentation, phase transition, the alchemical magnum opus, the ancient, classical, element system and the correspondence between macrocosm and microcosm. In Emerald Tablet you will get 1/3 immortality. Because if you solve the puzzle perfectly you are immortal but if you have done any little mistake you can die or be sick. These people also call Hermetic and Artifact. Meditatio-Meditation and Adoptatio-Adaptation are the ideas of it. With these phase from Emerald Tablet, we can connect with supernatural elements in Dark: That which Below corresponds to that which is Above, and that which Above corresponds to that which is Below, to accomplish the miracle of the One Thing. Trinity Knot now is so close to Ouroboros.
It’s the idea of the snake eating his own tail, circle. Re-creating itself, infinite cycle, endless creation. Dying for re-borning. So Trinity Knot can be “DESTRUCTION-LIFE-DEATH” There is a Phares fort his plan from Anguis which The Anguis consist of seven members. Each has a different ability. Working for Orpheus Final Plan. Their absolute leader is Grand Master…
Anguis says… “Add moonlight for contrast and shadowy suspense. Add sunlight for bright clarity and illumination. Mix them both in your soul-palette and become the horizon, spreading into your full expanse.”
- The Faustian…
On the fourth episode, in 2019 high school brings up author Goethe who made tragic play FAUST. The story about a man who makes a deal with the devil. Faust trades his soul for knowledge and power. Like Helge-Noah and Bartosz-Noah.
Mutual part is Noah, we maybe Noah is the devil, Mephistopheles. Faust’s lover name is Gretchen which it’s also Claudia’s dog name.
Since Helge was in love with Claudia and we consider him as a Faust they might make some kind of connection with names as well….. The whole story might be an infinite war fort he control of time travel. Noah implies that he is attempting to harness the power of time travel in order to save humanity from itself. Noah used an underground bunker in the forest to build a time machine. “The World is doomed to be destroyed. But his here, this is our ark. And I am Noah. If we can harness this energy, we can change everything. Then we decide the world’s fate, far removed from all the evil and from all the pain. We will create a time machine that reorders everything, the beginning, and the end.”
Future Jonas also explaining to younger Jonas when is in the bunker “ This is a kind of prototype of a time machine. You are the guinea pig. The passage in the cave lies directly under this bunker. If opened, the energy flows through this room. But it needs to be increased. No DeLorean. No hissing or steam. The first time machine is a bunker with four walls. But it still doesn’t quite work.” After that, we all know Jonas and Helge swapping the time when they touch trough time whole. Helge is using the cave portal to find and hide the kids in a location from the bunker. For instance, Yasin from 2019 is finding dead in 1953.
- Claudia can be the second person who wants to control the time.
But definitely not like Noah. The biggest difference between them is Noah is never age. We are seeing him in different times and he is still the same age, the look. But Claudia obviously got age in 2019. She is time traveling but she is also getting older in her time. She is getting power when she finds out a discrepancy in the data reports, told this Bernd Doppler(Helge’s father) that there was an accident which produced radioactive material over the summer. She finds out the barrels and her dog from 1953. Plus we have to remember Helge gave the book Eine Reise Durch Zeit. Based on future Jonas actions he and Claudia met in future that is why future Jonas has been trying a lot to fix the issues. But According to Noah, it’s all lie, they actually trigger the wormhole’s existence. It’s a paradox.
Another important character is Tannhaus. He says “Time loops have a significant impact on the principle of causality, on the relationship of cause and effect.”
”As long as a wormhole exists, there is a closed time loop. Inside it, everything is mutually dependent.”
”The past doesn’t just influence the future, the future also influences the past.”
”It takes the question of the chicken and the egg. We can no longer say which of the two came first. Everything is interconnected.”
- Noah can be anti-Christ, the devil. Claudia might aware of this and locked in the eternal time loop with him while they both try to break the cycle.
- When Jonas open the wormhole Noah is talking with Bartosz in the car and says “Most people are nothing but pawns on a chessboard, led by an unknown hand. Their lives exist only to be sacrificed for a higher goal. Jonas, Mikkel, the children, they are nothing but unfortunate, yet necessary chess moves in an eternal war between good and evil. They are two groups out there fighting to control time travel. Light and shadow. We belong to the light. As long as we are in this time loop, we who know have to sure that every step will be repeated exactly as it was before. No matter how inhumane it seems to us. No matter what sacrifices it demands of us. They belong to shadow. Your grandmother Claudia belongs to shadow. Never trust her. No matter what she says.” Some people say Bartosz can be Noah but I think Noah is not like the other characters.
- What’s happening in 2052?
- Is the whole area in Winden some post-apocalyptic war zone?
- Where is Noah in 2052?
- Can any of them really break the laws of time and space that have been established?
- Maye Noah looking into “Novus Ordo Seclorum” New World Order?
- Noah also says to Helge’s mother after her honesty that she never want Helge, Noah says “No pure human being exists. Wen ever falls any lower than into God’s hands.”
- Noah also telling to Mikkel at the hospital in 1986 “God has a plan for every human being. Including you.”
- Noah tells to Helge “It is the fate of pioneers to persistently pursues their aim. All of us who know the darkness long fort he light, but there is no God.”
- In Dark, we are feeling some Twin Peaks vibes.
- After Charlotte seeing Ulrich in news records 1953 she might go back time and save him and she might do another future changing event.
- Where is Mikkel? But we are seeing as WHEN is Mikkel? When Mikkel doing his magic trick he is also saying the same. WHEN.
- Noah: “In the Abrahamic religions, Noah[a] (/ˈnoʊ.ə/)was the tenth and last of the pre-FloodPatriarchs. The story of Noah’s Ark is told in the Bible’s Genesis flood narrative. The biblical account is followed by the story of the Curse of Canaan.” well, he is designing/testing an ark before the flood. Coincidence? NOPE!
Zeitschleife(Temporal loop/Time loop)
A causal loop: In the context of time travel or the causal structure of spacetime, is a sequence of events (actions, information, objects, people) in which an event is among the causes of another event, which in turn is among the causes of the first-mentioned event.
Bootstrap Paradox: A time travel paradox in which an object or information can exist without ever being created. The object or piece of information is sent back in time where it is retrieved and to become the very object or piece of information that was brought back in the beginning.
The Self Fulfilling Prophecy: Any positive or negative expectation about circumstances, events, or people that may affect a person’s behavior toward them in a manner that causes those expectations to be fulfilled. An employer who, for example, expects the employees to be disloyal and shirkers, will likely treat them in a way that will elicit the very response he or she expects.
A wormhole is a concept that represents a solution of the Einstein field equations: a non-trivial structure linking separate points in spacetime. A wormhole can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends, each at separate points in spacetime (i.e. different locations or different points of time), or by a transcendental bijection of the spacetime continuum.
Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether wormholes actually exist is not known.
A wormhole could connect extremely long distances such as a billion light-years or more, short distances such as a few meters, different universes, or different points of time.
In mathematics, a bijection, bijective function, or one-to-one correspondence is a function between the elements of two sets, where each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other set, and each element of the other set is paired with exactly one element of the first set. There are no unpaired elements. In mathematical terms, a bijective function f: X → Y is a one-to-one (injective) and onto (surjective) mapping of a set X to a set Y.
The theory of general relativity predicts that if traversable wormholes exist, they can also alter the speed of time. They could allow time travel. This would be accomplished by accelerating one end of the wormhole to a high velocity relative to the other, and then sometime later bringing it back; relativistic time dilation would result in the accelerated wormhole mouth aging less than the stationary one as seen by an external observer, similar to what is seen in the twin paradox. However, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at each mouth will remain synchronized to someone traveling through the wormhole itself, no matter how the mouths move around. This means that anything which entered the accelerated wormhole mouth would exit the stationary one at a point in time prior to its entry.
For example, consider two clocks at both mouths both showing the date as 2000. After being taken on a trip at relativistic velocities, the accelerated mouth is brought back to the same region as the stationary mouth with the accelerated mouth’s clock reading 2004 while the stationary mouth’s clock read 2012. A traveler who entered the accelerated mouth at this moment would exit the stationary mouth when its clock also read 2004, in the same region but now eight years in the past. Such a configuration of wormholes would allow for a particle’s world line to form a closed loop in spacetime, known as a closed timelike curve. An object traveling through a wormhole could carry energy or charge from one time to another, but this would not violate conservation of energy or charge in each time, because the energy/charge of the wormhole mouth itself would change to compensate for the object that fell into it or emerged from it.
It is thought that it may not be possible to convert a wormhole into a time machine in this manner; the predictions are made in the context of general relativity, but general relativity does not include quantum effects. Analyses using the semiclassical approach to incorporating quantum effects into general relativity have sometimes indicated that a feedback loop of virtual particles would circulate through the wormhole and pile up on themselves, driving the energy density in the region very high and possibly destroying it before any information could be passed through it, in keeping with the chronology protection conjecture.
The debate on this matter is described by Kip S. Thorne in the book Black Holes and Time Warps, and a more technical discussion can be found in The quantum physics of chronology protection by Matt Visser. There is also the Roman ring, which is a configuration of more than one wormhole. This ring seems to allow a closed time loop with stable wormholes when analyzed using semiclassical gravity, although without a full theory of quantum gravity it is uncertain whether the semiclassical approach is reliable in this case.
So when we travel in space from earth our time will be the same as us. We will age in our time but earth time will age faster. If we leave earth in 2017 when we come back after a few months later, the year will be 2050. Time is different for each dimensions.
The minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a physical property may be “quantized” is referred to as “the hypothesis of quantization”.This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only discrete values consisting of integer multiples of one quantum.
For example, a photon is a single quantum of light (or of any other form of electromagnetic radiation), and can be referred to as a “light quantum”. Similarly, the energy of an electron bound within an atom is also quantized and thus can only exist in certain discrete values. The fact that electrons can only exist at discrete energy levels in an atom causes atoms to be stable, and hence matter in general is stable.
Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics. Quantization of the energy and its influence on how energy and matter interact (quantum electrodynamics) is part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature.
A possible resolution to the paradoxes resulting from wormhole-enabled time travel rests on the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
In 1991 David Deutsch showed that quantum theory is fully consistent (in the sense that the so-called density matrix can be made free of discontinuities) in spacetimes with closed timelike curves. However, later it was shown that such model of the closed timelike curve can have internal inconsistencies as it will lead to strange phenomena like distinguishing non-orthogonal quantum states and distinguishing proper and improper mixture. Accordingly, the destructive positive feedback loop of virtual particles circulating through a wormhole time machine, a result indicated by semi-classical calculations, is averted. A particle returning from the future does not return to its universe of origination but to a parallel universe. This suggests that a wormhole time machine with an exceedingly short time jump is a theoretical bridge between contemporaneous parallel universes. Because a wormhole time-machine introduces a type of nonlinearity into quantum theory, this sort of communication between parallel universes is consistent with Joseph Polchinski’s proposal of an Everett phone (named after Hugh Everett) in Steven Weinberg’s formulation of nonlinear quantum mechanics. The possibility of communication between parallel universes has been dubbed interuniversal travel.
For a simplified notion of a wormhole, space can be visualized as a two-dimensional (2D) surface. In this case, a wormhole would appear as a hole in that surface, lead into a 3D tube (the inside surface of a cylinder), then re-emerge at another location on the 2D surface with a hole similar to the entrance. An actual wormhole would be analogous to this, but with the spatial dimensions raised by one. For example, instead of circular holes on a 2D plane, the entry and exit points could be visualized as spheres in 3D space.
Another way to imagine wormholes is to take a sheet of paper and draw two somewhat distant points on one side of the paper. The sheet of paper represents a plane in the spacetime continuum, and the two points represent a distance to be traveled, however theoretically a wormhole could connect these two points by folding that plane so the points are touching. In this way, it would be much easier to traverse the distance since the two points are now touching.
A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to an apparently self-contradictory or logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox involves contradictory yet interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persists over time.
Some logical paradoxes are known to be invalid arguments but are still valuable in promoting critical thinking.
Some paradoxes have revealed errors in definitions assumed to be rigorous, and have caused axioms of mathematics and logic to be re-examined. One example is Russell’s paradox, which questions whether a “list of all lists that do not contain themselves” would include itself, and showed that attempts to found set theory on the identification of sets with properties or predicates were flawed. Others, such as Curry’s paradox, are not yet resolved.
Examples outside logic include the ship of Theseus from philosophy (questioning whether a ship repaired over time by replacing each and all of its wooden parts, one at a time, would remain the same ship). Paradoxes can also take the form of images or other media. For example, M.C. Escher featured perspective-based paradoxes in many of his drawings, with walls that are regarded as floors from other points of view, and staircases that appear to climb endlessly.
In common usage, the word “paradox” often refers to statements that may be both true and false i.e. ironic or unexpected, such as “the paradox that standing is more tiring than walking”.
- A veridical paradox produces a result that appears absurd but is demonstrated to be true nevertheless. Thus, the paradox of Frederic’s birthday in The Pirates of Penzance establishes the surprising fact that a twenty-one-year-old would have had only five birthdays if he had been born on a leap day. Likewise, Arrow’s impossibility theorem demonstrates difficulties in mapping voting results to the will of the people. The Monty Hall paradox demonstrates that a decision which has an intuitive 50-50 chance, in fact, is heavily biased towards making a decision which, given the intuitive conclusion, the player would be unlikely to make. In 20th century science, Hilbert’s paradox of the Grand Hotel and Schrödinger’s cat are famously vivid examples of a theory being taken to a logical but paradoxical end.
- A falsidical paradox establishes a result that not only appears false but actually is false, due to a fallacy in the demonstration. The various invalid mathematical proofs (e.g., that 1 = 2) are classic examples, generally relying on a hidden division by zero. Another example is the inductive form of the horse paradox, which falsely generalizes from true specific statements. Zeno’s paradoxes are falsidical, concluding for example that a flying arrow never reaches its target or that a speedy runner cannot catch up to a tortoise with a small head start.
A fourth kind has sometimes been described since Quine’s work.
- A paradox that is both true and false at the same time and in the same sense is called a dialetheia. In Western logics, it is often assumed, following Aristotle, that no dialetheia exist, but they are sometimes accepted in Eastern traditions (e.g. in the Mohists,[12] the Gongsun Longzi,[13] and in Zen[14]) and in paraconsistent logics. It would be mere equivocation or a matter of degree, for example, to both affirm and deny that “John is here” when John is halfway through the door but it is self-contradictory to simultaneously affirm and deny the event in some sense.
Rumi Kusdogan
rumithepurr 